100+ Heartwarming Bridal Shower Wishes for Your Daughter

Bridal shower wishes for your daughter – My sweet daughter, congratulations on this beautiful journey to marriage. Wishing you endless love, happiness, and joy as you begin this exciting new chapter. I am so proud of you and can’t wait to see all the wonderful moments ahead.

A bridal shower is a special celebration that honors a bride-to-be’s journey toward marriage and partnership. The occasion is filled with heartfelt moments, where family and friends gather to share love, laughter, and meaningful words.

For mothers, crafting bridal shower wishes for your daughter is an opportunity to express pride, offer guidance, and celebrate her happiness. These thoughtful messages often include personal memories, warm blessings, and reflections on the future, making them a cherished part of the day.

As love, family, and traditions come together, these wishes become lasting tokens of affection and encouragement for the bride-to-be.

Heartfelt Bridal Shower Messages for Your Daughter

Your daughter’s bridal shower is a perfect time to share heartfelt messages of love, support, and joy. These messages will celebrate her new chapter and remind her of the love that surrounds her.

May your marriage be as beautiful and strong as the love you’ve always brought into our lives.
Watching you grow into the woman you are today has been an honor; may your new journey be filled with endless happiness.
As you step into this new role, know that you’ll always have my love and guidance.
You’re not just gaining a husband but building a lifetime of love and memories.
May your marriage be a reflection of God’s grace and your mutual devotion.
From my baby girl to a stunning bride-to-be, you make me so proud every day.
May the bond you create be as unshakable as the love we’ve shared all these years.
Remember that love, patience, and faith are the cornerstones of a happy life together.
I am so excited to see you create a home full of love, laughter, and kindness.
My heart overflows knowing you’ve found someone who treasures you as much as I do.
Through thick and thin, remember that family and love are your greatest treasures.
May the road ahead be as radiant as your smile and as steadfast as your heart.
I hope your marriage is blessed with the same joy you’ve brought into my life.
You’ve always been my shining star; may your love story be just as bright.
Trust, respect, and communication will guide you through this beautiful journey together.
Your happiness is my greatest wish; may your love grow deeper with each passing day.
I’ll always be here for you, cheering you on as you begin this incredible adventure.
As you build your new life, know that you carry our family’s love wherever you go.
My sweet daughter, you deserve every ounce of happiness coming your way.
Watching you embark on this journey fills me with hope, pride, and endless love.

Funny Bridal Shower Wishes to Make Your Daughter Smile

Laughter is the best gift you can give your daughter on her bridal shower day. These humorous messages will bring a smile to her face while offering light-hearted advice and love.

Remember, marriage is about compromise—like letting him think he’s always right!
Your wedding vows should include, “I promise to not hog all the blankets.”
If you ever argue, just remember: mom is only a phone call away.
Love may be blind, but marriage is a real eye-opener—good luck, sweetheart!
Congratulations on finding someone willing to put up with you forever.
Your new job title is “CEO of the Household”—and yes, there will be overtime!
Marriage is like a recipe: a little sweetness, a little spice, and a lot of patience.
If you don’t like his cooking, remember: takeout exists for a reason.
Always keep a sense of humor—it’s the best marriage survival tool.
Your dad and I have been married for years, so trust me: laughter really is key.
Marriage means learning to love the quirks you didn’t notice before.
“Happily ever after” includes laundry and grocery lists—don’t say I didn’t warn you!
Always fight fair—unless it’s over the last slice of pizza.
I hope he knows he’s marrying someone who doesn’t share fries!
Married life is like dancing—sometimes you’ll step on each other’s toes, but you keep going.
Remember: the remote control is always negotiable.
He’s your partner for life, but I’ll always be your backup.
Marriage means splitting everything…except dessert.
Here’s to a lifetime of figuring out who left the lights on!
May your love story be filled with laughter, love, and hilarious moments.

Inspirational Messages for Your Daughter’s Bridal Shower

Inspire your daughter as she embarks on her journey of love and partnership. These messages encourage her to embrace the beauty of marriage and the strength within herself to build a happy life.

Love is the foundation of every great story; write yours with courage and joy.
A strong marriage is built on trust, kindness, and faith—qualities I know you hold dearly.
Marriage is not about perfection but about growing together every day.
Believe in your love, nurture it, and watch it blossom into something extraordinary.
With patience and understanding, there is no limit to the happiness you can achieve together.
You have the power to create a love story that inspires others—never forget that.
The journey won’t always be easy, but your love will guide you through.
Remember, even in tough times, you are stronger together than apart.
Marriage is a partnership; respect and cherish each other always.
You were born to shine, and now you’ll have someone to share your light with.
Build a life together that reflects your dreams, values, and unwavering love.
May you always see the best in each other and work through challenges with grace.
Let love lead the way, and the rest will fall into place.
You have all the tools to make your marriage a masterpiece—use them wisely.
A happy marriage is a daily celebration of love, commitment, and teamwork.
Remember that small gestures of love can make the biggest impact.
Trust in God’s plan for your union, and your journey will be blessed.
Be each other’s safe haven, and no storm will ever seem too great.
Love deeply, laugh often, and cherish every moment you have together.
Your strength and love inspire me every day—carry that into your marriage.

Religious Bridal Shower Wishes for Your Daughter

Share your blessings and faith-filled wishes as your daughter begins her spiritual and marital journey. These messages reflect hope, love, and God’s guidance.

May God’s light shine upon your marriage and guide you through every season.
Remember that a cord of three strands is not easily broken—keep God at the center of your union.
As you walk down this new path, trust in His plan for your life together.
May your marriage be a reflection of Christ’s love and devotion.
Through prayer and faith, you can overcome any challenge together.
The Lord has brought you together; may He bless you with a lifetime of love.
Seek His wisdom in every decision, and your marriage will flourish.
A marriage rooted in faith is a marriage built to last—hold tightly to that truth.
Let love and compassion, guided by God’s word, be the foundation of your home.
May your love for each other glorify God and inspire those around you.
Trust in God’s promises, for He will bless your union abundantly.
Remember to pray together, for it strengthens not only your bond with God but with each other.
The Lord’s blessings are upon you—may they sustain you through all of life’s moments.
Love is patient, love is kind—carry this truth with you always.
Your marriage is a testimony to God’s grace and the beauty of love.
May your union be a shining example of faith, hope, and love.
In every joy and trial, trust in the Lord, for He is your strength.
God’s plan for you is greater than you can imagine—embrace it with open hearts.
May your home always be filled with God’s presence and peace.
As you step into this covenant, know that His love surrounds you both.

Short and Sweet Bridal Shower Messages for Your Daughter

Sometimes, less is more. These brief yet meaningful messages will bring a smile to your daughter’s face and remind her of your love and support.

Wishing you a lifetime of love and laughter, my sweet girl.
You deserve every happiness—today and always.
May your love story be as beautiful as your heart.
Here’s to a future filled with joy and endless blessings.
I’m so proud of the woman you’ve become—shine brightly, my love.
Your happiness is my greatest joy—wishing you all the best in your marriage.
Keep love and kindness at the heart of your union.
Watching you step into this new chapter fills me with pride and love.
You’re not just my daughter—you’re my inspiration.
May your days together be filled with love and light.
To my beautiful bride-to-be: may your dreams come true.
Always remember, you are loved more than words can say.
Cheers to your forever adventure!
I’ll always be your biggest fan, no matter what.
Wishing you the happiest days ahead, my sweet daughter.
You’re going to be a wonderful wife—never doubt that.
Love deeply and cherish every moment together.
To the most amazing daughter: may your marriage be full of blessings.
Your happiness means the world to me—never forget that.
Here’s to the start of your beautiful forever.

Emotional Bridal Shower Notes for a Loving Daughter

A bridal shower is the perfect time to express your heartfelt emotions and celebrate your daughter’s journey. These emotional messages will let her know how much she means to you and how proud you are.

My heart swells with pride and love as I watch you prepare for this new chapter.
You’ve always been my little girl, and now you’re stepping into the role of a lifetime.
It feels like yesterday you were holding my hand; now, you’re ready to hold someone else’s forever.
Seeing you in love fills my heart with so much joy—it’s everything I ever wished for you.
You’ve grown into such a beautiful, kind, and strong woman—I couldn’t be prouder.
As you prepare for your wedding day, know that my love for you is eternal.
Watching you take this step reminds me how precious every moment with you has been.
My sweet daughter, you deserve all the happiness the world has to offer.
I’ve loved you since the moment I held you, and I’ll love you every day after.
This new journey is a testament to your strength, beauty, and the love you hold in your heart.
You’ve made my life so full of love; now, you get to share that with someone else.
I’m overwhelmed with emotions as I see you prepare to build a life with your partner.
You’ve always been a blessing to me—now you’ll be a blessing to your new family, too.
My darling, may your marriage be as loving and supportive as you’ve always been to me.
As you step into this new chapter, know that my heart is bursting with pride.
You’ll always be my little girl, no matter where life takes you.
My love for you is boundless, and my joy for your happiness is immeasurable.
Every parent dreams of seeing their child find true love—you’ve made my dream come true.
I’ll always be here for you, cheering you on and loving you unconditionally.
You’ve filled my life with love, and now it’s your turn to create a life full of love and joy.

Bridal Shower Wishes from a Mother to Her Daughter

As a mother, your words hold unparalleled meaning for your daughter on her bridal shower day. These messages are filled with love, wisdom, and support to guide her on her new journey.

My dearest daughter, may your marriage be as strong and beautiful as the bond we share.
Watching you grow into this incredible woman has been the joy of my life.
Always remember, love is the greatest gift, and you have so much of it to give.
Your kindness, strength, and grace will make your marriage truly special.
I’ll always be here for you, whether you need advice or a shoulder to lean on.
Cherish the love you’ve found, and it will sustain you through anything.
My sweet girl, you’ve made me so proud, and I know you’ll be an amazing wife.
Marriage is a journey, and I’m here to support you every step of the way.
To my beautiful daughter: may your marriage be filled with laughter and love.
You’ve brought so much joy into my life; now it’s time to share that joy with your partner.
Remember that love is a choice you make every day—choose it always.
My heart is full knowing you’ve found someone who cherishes you as I do.
As you walk into this new chapter, know that you’ll always have my unconditional love.
My advice: always communicate, forgive, and laugh together.
Seeing you so happy reminds me why being your mother is my greatest blessing.
Love deeply, be patient, and never stop supporting each other.
You’ve always been the light of my life, and now you’ll light up your new home.
Remember, a mother’s love never fades, no matter how far life takes you.
May your marriage be a reflection of the love you’ve always shown me.
To my precious daughter: I’m so excited to see you build a beautiful life with your partner.

Father’s Words of Wisdom for His Daughter’s Bridal Shower

A father’s advice carries unique wisdom and love. These messages offer heartfelt encouragement and practical insights as your daughter prepares for marriage.

Always remember, my little girl, that respect and kindness are the heart of a strong marriage.
Seeing you so happy reminds me of how much you’ve grown—and how proud I am of you.
A father’s love is eternal, and I’ll always be here if you ever need me.
You’ve chosen a wonderful partner, and I trust in the love you’ve found together.
My advice: never stop laughing together—it’s the key to a happy life.
Your strength, compassion, and intelligence will make your marriage thrive.
Know that your happiness means the world to me, and I’m so proud of the woman you’ve become.
Love isn’t always easy, but it’s worth every moment when it’s real and true.
Always be honest and open with each other; it will build a foundation of trust.
As your father, I’ll always see you as my little girl, but I know you’re ready for this new chapter.
Marriage is a partnership—never stop supporting and uplifting each other.
I’ve watched you grow into an amazing woman, and I know you’ll be an incredible wife.
My advice: celebrate the small victories and hold each other through the challenges.
Remember, communication is key, and a little humor never hurts.
To my precious daughter: you’ve made me so proud, and I’m excited for your future.
Keep God at the center of your marriage, and you’ll always find your way.
You’re starting a new adventure, but you’ll always have a home in my heart.
Always protect and cherish the love you’ve found—it’s a gift.
My little girl, I’m so proud of you, and I know you’ll create a beautiful life together.
To the bride-to-be: never forget how much your dad loves you and believes in you.

Sentimental Bridal Shower Messages for the Bride-to-Be

A bridal shower is an ideal occasion to share tender and meaningful words with your daughter. These sentimental messages will remind her of your deep love and the beauty of the journey ahead.

From the moment you were born, I dreamed of this day, and now it’s here—it’s so surreal.
My heart is so full as I see you prepare for a life of love and partnership.
You’ll always be my baby girl, no matter how grown-up and radiant you look today.
The love you’ve found is a gift, and I couldn’t be happier for you.
I’ve watched you blossom into a strong, compassionate woman; you’re ready for this journey.
Marriage is the start of a beautiful adventure, and I know you’ll embrace it fully.
You’ve given me countless reasons to smile, and today is no exception.
As you embark on this new path, know that my love and support go with you always.
You are a treasure, my dear, and I’m so proud of the life you’re building.
Love is a journey of two hearts becoming one; may yours beat in harmony forever.
Watching you find someone who cherishes you has been the greatest gift.
You’ve filled my life with love, and now you’ll do the same for your partner.
My sweet daughter, your happiness means everything to me—never forget that.
As you take this next step, remember how much you are loved by everyone around you.
You deserve every ounce of happiness coming your way, today and always.
The joy in your eyes today reminds me of all the love you bring into the world.
You’re about to write the most beautiful chapter of your life, and I can’t wait to see it unfold.
My little girl is now a bride-to-be—how lucky I am to witness this moment.
May your marriage be filled with the same light and love you’ve always radiated.
To the bride-to-be: I love you more than words can ever say.

Elegant and Classic Bridal Shower Wishes for Your Daughter

If you’re looking to keep your words timeless and graceful, these elegant messages are perfect for the occasion. They convey sophistication and heartfelt love.

My dearest daughter, may your marriage be as timeless and beautiful as a classic love story.
As you step into this new chapter, I wish you a life filled with grace and elegance.
Love is the finest of all life’s treasures—cherish it always.
You’ve always had a heart full of beauty; now you’ll share it with your soulmate.
May your marriage be a masterpiece painted with love, trust, and devotion.
The joy you bring to others will now be magnified in the life you build together.
You’ve found a love that reflects the beauty of your soul—how proud I am of you.
A true partnership is built on mutual respect and shared dreams; I know you’ll create something extraordinary.
Your wedding day is the start of forever—may it be as radiant as you are today.
Like a diamond, a good marriage grows stronger under pressure and sparkles in the light.
As your mother, it brings me endless pride to see you stepping into this timeless tradition.
Your grace and elegance have always shone through, and today is no different.
May the vows you take be as unbreakable as the bond you’ve nurtured.
To my daughter: you’ve found a love worth celebrating for a lifetime.
Let the love you’ve discovered be the foundation of a beautiful, enduring legacy.
Your journey has led you here, and I couldn’t be prouder of the choices you’ve made.
Marriage is the merging of two paths into one graceful, shared journey.
My beautiful daughter, you’ve found someone who sees the treasure that you are.
May your marriage be a reflection of the elegance, poise, and kindness you embody.
To the bride-to-be: carry yourself with the same grace you always have, and love will follow.

Warm and Loving Bridal Shower Wishes for Your Daughter

These warm and tender messages will wrap your daughter in love as she celebrates her bridal shower and prepares for her new role as a wife.

My sweet girl, my heart overflows with love and pride as you prepare to start this new chapter.
You’ve always been a light in my life, and now you’ll bring that light to your marriage.
My love for you is infinite, and I wish you endless joy in the life you’re creating.
The warmth and kindness you share with the world will make your marriage extraordinary.
As you take this step, know that you’ll always have my unconditional love and support.
Your happiness is my greatest gift, and today, my heart is bursting with joy for you.
My beautiful daughter, I hope your life together is filled with love, laughter, and understanding.
From the moment you were born, you’ve brought love into my life—now it’s your turn to share it with your partner.
Wishing you a marriage full of the warmth and love you’ve always shared with us.
My darling, you deserve every ounce of happiness and joy that life has to offer.
May your home be filled with laughter, your hearts with love, and your days with peace.
You’ve brought so much love to our family; now, you’ll build one of your own.
Watching you find your happiness fills me with an indescribable warmth.
To my daughter: never forget how loved you are and how proud I am of you.
Marriage is about building a life of love, and I know you’ll do it beautifully.
You’ve chosen someone who sees the amazing woman you are—how lucky they are!
To my beautiful bride-to-be, my love for you grows with every milestone.
Wishing you a life together that is as warm and wonderful as your heart.
You’ve always had a gift for bringing people together; now you’ll create a family full of love.
I’ll always be here for you, cheering you on and celebrating your joy.

Advice for the Bride-to-Be: Bridal Shower Wishes for Your Daughter

Offer your daughter meaningful advice as she prepares for her new journey. These messages include tips for a happy and fulfilling marriage, wrapped in love and encouragement.

Always choose kindness—it’s the foundation of a lasting marriage.
Communication is key—never let a day pass without sharing your thoughts and feelings.
Remember, it’s okay to disagree as long as you disagree with respect and love.
Marriage is a partnership; celebrate each other’s strengths and support each other’s dreams.
Find joy in the little things, and your love will grow stronger every day.
Patience and understanding will guide you through life’s challenges together.
Never stop dating each other, even after years of marriage.
Build a life together filled with shared goals, mutual respect, and lots of laughter.
Love deeply, forgive quickly, and always say “I love you.”
Take time to listen—it’s one of the greatest gifts you can give each other.
Celebrate your wins, big or small, and comfort each other during losses.
Never underestimate the power of a thoughtful gesture—it keeps love alive.
Trust is like a delicate thread—nurture it, and it will never break.
Keep a sense of humor; it’s essential for navigating life’s ups and downs.
Lean on each other in hard times and celebrate each other’s successes.
Always make time for each other, no matter how busy life gets.
Be quick to say “thank you” and “I’m sorry”—they are small words with a big impact.
Keep your faith at the center of your relationship, and it will guide you through.
Build a home filled with love, laughter, and understanding.
Remember, marriage is about growing together and cherishing every step of the journey.

Personalized Bridal Shower Messages for Your Daughter

Add a personal touch to your messages to make them uniquely meaningful. These messages reflect your unique relationship with your daughter and the special memories you’ve shared.

My darling [daughter’s name], I still remember the day you were born—it was the happiest moment of my life.
[Daughter’s name], seeing you find someone who cherishes you is the greatest gift I could ask for.
My sweet [nickname for daughter], you’ve always been my sunshine; now you’ll light up your partner’s life, too.
[Daughter’s name], your journey has been extraordinary, and I’m so proud of the woman you’ve become.
You’ve brought so much joy to my life, [daughter’s name]; I know you’ll bring the same to your marriage.
Watching you step into this new chapter, [daughter’s name], makes me so proud to be your parent.
My beautiful [daughter’s name], may your love story be as unique and special as you are.
To my amazing daughter, [daughter’s name]: never stop being the incredible person you are.
[Daughter’s name], your kindness and strength inspire me every day—I know you’ll build a beautiful life.
[Nickname for daughter], your laughter has always been contagious; may your marriage be full of it.
[Daughter’s name], your love and compassion have always been your greatest gifts—share them generously.
My precious [daughter’s name], you are so loved, and I’m thrilled to see you so happy.
[Daughter’s name], your love story is just beginning, and I’m so excited to watch it unfold.
To my wonderful [daughter’s name]: may your journey together be as beautiful as your heart.
My sweet [daughter’s name], you’ve always been my greatest joy; now, you’ll bring joy to your partner’s life.
[Daughter’s name], your love for each other is a blessing—nurture it always.
Watching you grow, [daughter’s name], has been a privilege; seeing you in love is pure joy.
My dear [daughter’s name], you’ve always been a light in my life; now, you’ll shine in your new role.
[Daughter’s name], may your home be as warm and loving as the one we’ve shared together.
My sweet [nickname], your wedding day will be beautiful, but your love will make it truly special.

Bridal Shower Toast Ideas: Best Wishes for Your Daughter

Raise a toast to your daughter with heartfelt and eloquent words that celebrate her love story and new beginning. These ideas are perfect for making her bridal shower unforgettable.

Here’s to my beautiful daughter and her exciting new chapter—may your marriage be filled with endless love and joy.
To my sweet girl, you’ve found your forever partner—may your days together be as beautiful as today.
A toast to my amazing daughter and the love she’s found—may it grow stronger every day.
To my darling daughter, your happiness means everything to me—may your marriage be full of laughter and love.
Let’s raise a glass to my incredible daughter and her new adventure—may it be everything she’s ever dreamed of.
To my beautiful bride-to-be: may your love story be filled with unforgettable moments.
A toast to my daughter, who’s about to begin a life of love and partnership—may it be her greatest adventure yet.
Here’s to the bride-to-be and her endless capacity for love, joy, and kindness.
To my sweet daughter, you’ve always been my pride and joy—may your marriage bring you boundless happiness.
Let’s celebrate my wonderful daughter and the love she’s found—may it be as extraordinary as she is.
To my amazing daughter, may your life together be full of the love and warmth you’ve always shared with us.
A toast to my daughter, who’s found someone worthy of her incredible heart.
To my lovely daughter: your wedding day is just the beginning of a lifetime of love and happiness.
Here’s to my daughter, whose kindness and love will make her an extraordinary wife.
Let’s raise a glass to my daughter and her partner—may their love shine as brightly as her smile.
To the bride-to-be, my beautiful daughter: may your marriage be everything you’ve dreamed of and more.
Here’s to my sweet girl and her happily ever after—may it be even better than the fairy tales.
A toast to my daughter, whose journey of love is just beginning—may it be filled with endless joy.
To my beautiful bride-to-be: may your love story be as magical as your heart.
Let’s celebrate the incredible woman my daughter has become—may her marriage be her greatest joy.

Bridal Shower Wishes Packed with Love and Joy for Your Daughter

Fill your daughter’s bridal shower with messages that overflow with love and joy. These heartfelt wishes celebrate her happiness and the exciting journey ahead.

My dearest daughter, your joy is contagious, and I’m so grateful to see you so happy.
Watching you prepare for this beautiful chapter fills my heart with love and pride.
You’ve always been a source of love and light—now, you’ll bring that into your marriage.
To my sweet daughter: may your life together be as warm and loving as your heart.
Seeing you so happy reminds me of all the love you’ve brought into my life—thank you for being you.
Your smile today says it all—you’ve found a love worth celebrating.
To my precious girl, may your home be filled with laughter, love, and endless joy.
My heart overflows knowing you’ve found someone who cherishes you as much as I do.
To my beautiful daughter: you deserve every bit of happiness coming your way.
You’ve always had a way of making life brighter; now, you’ll do the same for your partner.
Love is the greatest gift of all, and I’m so glad you’ve found it.
To my darling daughter, your happiness is my greatest wish—may your life together be extraordinary.
You’ve found someone to share your life with, and I couldn’t be happier for you.
To my incredible daughter: may your marriage be full of love, peace, and unforgettable moments.
Seeing you so happy makes my heart burst with pride and joy—never lose that spark.
You’ve always been my sunshine; now, you’ll brighten someone else’s world.
To my sweet girl, may your marriage be as beautiful and kind as your soul.
Watching you fall in love has been one of life’s greatest joys—may your love continue to grow.
My dearest daughter, may your life together be a beautiful adventure full of love and laughter.
You’ve always been my everything, and now, you’ll be someone else’s too—how lucky they are.

Wrapping Up with Love

Thank you for taking the time to explore these heartfelt ideas for bridal shower wishes for your daughter. We hope these messages inspire you to express your love and pride on her special day.

Your words will surely leave a lasting impression on her heart. Don’t forget to check back for more thoughtful tips and ideas to celebrate life’s precious moments. See you again soon!

FAQs

What should I include in bridal shower wishes for my daughter?
Include heartfelt emotions, personal memories, blessings for her future, and advice for a happy marriage.
How personal should my message be?
Personal messages resonate more deeply, so include unique moments or sentiments that reflect your bond with your daughter.
Can I use humor in my bridal shower wishes?
Yes, humor can lighten the mood and make your wishes memorable, but keep it loving and appropriate for the occasion.
Should I include religious elements in my message?
If faith is important to your family or your daughter, including a prayer or spiritual blessing can make your message more meaningful.
How long should my bridal shower wish be?
It can be as short as a few sentences or as long as a heartfelt note, depending on your relationship and the tone of the event.
Is it okay to share advice in my bridal shower wishes?
Yes, sharing life or marriage advice is a thoughtful way to support your daughter as she begins her new journey.
What tone should I use for my wishes?
Choose a tone that reflects your relationship, whether it’s formal, sentimental, humorous, or a mix of these.
Can I write my message as a poem?
Absolutely! A poem can add a creative and unique touch to your bridal shower wishes.
Should I address both my daughter and her partner?
While your focus is on your daughter, mentioning her partner and wishing them both happiness can make your message even more inclusive.
What if I’m not good with words?
Speak from the heart. Simple, sincere words are always more meaningful than overly complex expressions.